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ABSTRACT New geological mapping in midwestern Nepal, complemented by thermochronological and geochronological data sets, provides stratigraphic, structural, and kinematic information for this portion of the Himalayan thrust belt. Lithofacies and geochronologic data substantiate five genetic (tectono)stratigraphic packages: the Lesser Himalayan (ca. 1900–1600 Ma), Greater Himalayan (ca. 800–520 Ma), Tethyan Himalayan (Late Ordovician–Cretaceous), Gondwana (Permian–Paleocene), and Cenozoic Foreland Basin (Eocene–Pleistocene) Sequences. Major structures of midwestern Nepal are similar to those documented along strike in the Himalaya and include a frontal imbricate zone, the Main Boundary and Ramgarh thrusts, the synformal Dadeldhura and Jajarkot klippen of Greater Himalayan rocks, and the hybrid antiformal-stack/hinterland-dipping Lesser Himalayan duplex. Total (probably minimum) shortening between the Main Frontal thrust and the South Tibetan detachment is 400–580 km, increasing westward from the Kaligandaki River region. The Main Central and Ramgarh thrusts were active sequentially during the early to middle Miocene; the Lesser Himalayan duplex developed between ca. 11 Ma and 5 Ma; the Main Boundary thrust became active after ca. 5 Ma and remains active in places; and thrusts that cut the Siwalik Group foreland basin deposits in the frontal imbricate belt have been active since ca. 4–2 Ma. The Main Central “thrust” is a broad shear zone that includes the boundary between Lesser and Greater Himalayan Sequences as defined by their protolith characteristics (especially their ages and lithofacies). The shape of the major footwall frontal ramp beneath the Lesser Himalayan duplex is geometrically complex and has evolved progressively over the past ~10 m.y. This study provides the basis for understanding the Himalayan thrust belt and recent seismic activity in terms of critical taper models of orogenic wedges, and it will help to focus future efforts on better documenting crustal shortening in the northern half of the thrust belt.
Spanning eight kilometers of topographic relief, the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in Nepal has accommodated more than 700 km of Cenozoic convergence between the Indian subcontinent and Asia. Rapid tectonic shortening and erosion in a monsoonal climate have exhumed greenschist to upper amphibolite facies rocks along with unmetamorphosed rocks, including a 5–6-km-thick Cenozoic foreland basin sequence. This Special Paper presents new geochronology, multisystem thermochronology, structural geology, and geological mapping of an approximately 37,000 km 2 region in midwestern and western Nepal. This work informs enduring Himalayan debates, including how and where to map the Main Central thrust, the geometry of the seismically active basal Himalayan detachment, processes of tectonic shortening in the context of postcollisional India-Asia convergence, and long-term geodynamics of the orogenic wedge.
An imbricate midcrustal suture zone: The Mojave-Yavapai Province boundary in Grand Canyon, Arizona
The Miocene Arizaro Basin, central Andean hinterland: Response to partial lithosphere removal?
The Arizaro Basin in northwestern Argentina sits today in the western Puna Plateau at elevations of 3800–4200 m along the eastern flank of the Miocene to modern magmatic arc. The basin is roughly circular in plan view and ~100 km in diameter, and it was filled during Miocene time (ca. 21–9 Ma) by >3.5 km of eolian, alluvial, fluvial, and lacustrine sediment in addition to ash-fall tuffs from the Andean magmatic arc. The basin fill was subsequently shortened in its central part, and it has been uplifted and topographically inverted. The Arizaro Basin is not obviously related to known faults, nor does it exhibit a peripheral belt of coarse-grained sedimentary rocks derived from flanking topographically higher regions. Sandstone modal framework compositions are arkosic, but not as rich in volcanic lithic fragments as typical intra-arc basins. Detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra implicate source terranes in locally exposed Ordovician granitoid rocks, more distal Upper Paleozoic–Mesozoic arc terranes in western Argentina and possibly northern Chile, and the local Miocene magmatic arc. Depositional-age zircons are present in most of the sandstones analyzed for detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, and zircon U-Pb ages from volcanic tuff layers provide independent chronological control. The tectonic component of subsidence initiated at low rates, accelerated to ~0.6 mm/yr during the medial stage of basin development, and tapered off to zero as the basin began to shorten internally and experience topographic inversion after ca. 10 Ma. Together, the data presented here suggest that the Arizaro Basin could have developed in response to the formation and gravitational foundering of a dense Rayleigh-Taylor–type instability in the lower crust and/or mantle lithosphere. Insofar as hinterland basins of uncertain tectonic affinity are widespread in the high central Andes, the model developed here may be relevant for other regions of enigmatic subsidence and sediment accumulation in the Andes and other cordilleran hinterland settings.
Cyclical orogenic processes in the Cenozoic central Andes
Depositional history, tectonics, and detrital zircon geochronology of Ordovician and Devonian strata in southwestern Mongolia
Magmatic growth and batholithic root development in the northern Sierra Nevada, California
Oligocene–Miocene Kailas basin, southwestern Tibet: Record of postcollisional upper-plate extension in the Indus-Yarlung suture zone
Paleogeographic isolation of the Cretaceous to Eocene Sevier hinterland, east-central Nevada: Insights from U-Pb and (U-Th)/He detrital zircon ages of hinterland strata
Continental-scale detrital zircon provenance signatures in Lower Cretaceous strata, western North America
Detrital zircon provenance from three turbidite depocenters of the Middle–Upper Triassic Songpan-Ganzi complex, central China: Record of collisional tectonics, erosional exhumation, and sediment production
Evaluating the Mojave–Snow Lake fault hypothesis and origins of central Sierran metasedimentary pendant strata using detrital zircon provenance analyses
Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton: Part 1. Structural geology, U-Pb zircon geochronology, and tectonic evolution of the Shillong Plateau and its neighboring regions in NE India
Apatite triple dating and white mica 40 Ar/ 39 Ar thermochronology of syntectonic detritus in the Central Andes: A multiphase tectonothermal history
Jurassic onset of foreland basin deposition in northwestern Montana, USA: Implications for along-strike synchroneity of Cordilleran orogenic activity
The Catalina Schist: Evidence for middle Cretaceous subduction erosion of southwestern North America
The Catalina Schist underlies the inner southern California borderland of southwestern North America. On Santa Catalina Island, amphibolite facies rocks that recrystallized and partially melted at ca. 115 Ma and at 40 km depth occur atop an inverted metamorphic stack that juxtaposes progressively lower grade, high-pressure/temperature (PT) rocks across low-angle faults. This inverted metamorphic sequence has been regarded as having formed within a newly initiated subduction zone. However, subduction initiation at ca. 115 Ma has been difficult to reconcile with regional geologic relationships, because the Catalina Schist formed well after emplacement of the adjacent Peninsular Ranges batholith had begun in earnest. New detrital zircon U-Pb age results indicate that the Catalina Schist accreted over a ∼20 m.y. interval. The amphibolite unit metasediments formed from latest Neocomian to early Aptian (122–115 Ma) craton-enriched detritus derived mainly from the pre-Cretaceous wall rocks and Early Cretaceous volcanic cover of the Peninsular Ranges batholith. In contrast, lawsonite-blueschist and lower grade rocks derived from Cenomanian sediments dominated by this batholith's plutonic and volcanic detritus were accreted between 97 and 95 Ma. Seismic data and geologic relationships indicate that the Catalina Schist structurally underlies the western margin of the northern Peninsular Ranges batholith. We propose that construction of the Catalina Schist complex involved underthrusting of the Early Cretaceous forearc rocks to a subcrustal position beneath the western Peninsular Ranges batholith. The heat for amphibolite facies metamorphism and anatexis observed within the Catalina Schist was supplied by the western part of the batholith while subduction was continuous along the margin. Progressive subduction erosion ultimately juxtaposed the high-grade Catalina Schist with lower grade blueschists accreted above the subduction zone by 95 Ma. This coincided with an eastern relocation of arc magmatism and emplacement of the ca. 95 Ma La Posta tonalite-trondjhemite-granodiorite suite of the eastern Peninsular Ranges batholith. Final assembly of the Catalina Schist marked the initial stage of the Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary craton-ward shift of arc magmatism and deformation of southwestern North America that culminated in the Laramide orogeny.