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Leg 138
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APT: An Instrument for Monitoring Seafloor Acceleration, Pressure, and Temperature with Large Dynamic Range and Bandwidth
Abstract High-elevation tropical glaciers provide records of past climate from which current changes can be assessed. Comparisons among three ice-core records from tropical mountains on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean reveal how climatic events are linked through large-scale processes such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Two distinctive trans-Pacific events in the mid-fourteenth and late-eighteenth centuries are distinguished by elevated aerosol concentrations in cores from the Peruvian Andes and the Tibetan Himalaya. Today aerosol sources for these areas are enhanced by droughts accompanying El Niños. In both locations, large-scale atmospheric circulation supports aerosol transport from likely source regions. Oxygen isotopic ratios from the ice cores are significantly linked with tropical Pacific sea-surface temperatures, especially in the NIÑO3.4 region. The arid periods in the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries reflect droughts that were possibly connected to strong and/or persistent El Niño conditions and Intertropical Convergence Zone migration. These ‘black swans’ are contemporaneous with climate-related population disruptions. Recent warming, particularly at high elevations, is posing a threat to tropical glaciers, many of which have been retreating at unprecedented rates over the last several thousand years. The diminishing ice in these alpine regions endangers water resources for populations in South Asia and South America.
AMERICA’S FIRST CENTURY OF MARINE NATIONAL PARK STEWARDSHIP
New insights and lessons learned from the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, flood of 1889
Abstract Johnstown, Pennsylvania, has long been associated with flooding due to major floods in 1889, 1936, and 1977. The most famous of these floods, the Johnstown Flood of 1889, led to more than 2200 deaths and was the result of the catastrophic collapse of the South Fork Dam. This privately owned dam was located on the South Fork of the Little Conemaugh River, ~14 mi (23 km) upstream of Johnstown. The dam changed ownership multiple times since its initial construction and had been improperly rebuilt and maintained after partial breaches. It was the final failure after a wet spring and heavy rainfall that resulted in death and devastation along the Little Conemaugh River valley from South Fork to Johnstown. This field guide presents the history of the South Fork Dam and incorporates recent studies that examined the timing of the flood and failure of the dam itself. The field trip begins at the origin of the flood at the South Fork Dam and largely follows the path of the flood down the valley to Johnstown with stops at sites impacted by the flood wave, as well as sites that demonstrate a response to the flood.