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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Mauna Loa (1)
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Oceania
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Mauna Loa (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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North Pacific (1)
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United States
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Gila County Arizona (1)
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Maricopa County Arizona (1)
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Pinal County Arizona (1)
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Mauna Loa (1)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Tertiary
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Apache Leap Tuff (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene (1)
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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tholeiite (1)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (1)
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pumice (1)
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tuff (1)
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Primary terms
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Cenozoic
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Tertiary
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Apache Leap Tuff (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene (1)
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Mauna Loa (1)
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fractures (1)
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geochemistry (1)
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geophysical methods (1)
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igneous rocks
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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tholeiite (1)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (1)
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pumice (1)
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tuff (1)
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intrusions (1)
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lava (2)
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ocean floors (1)
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Oceania
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Mauna Loa (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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Kilauea (1)
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volcanology (3)
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Book Reviews
Submarine extension of the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii: Visual Observations from U.S. Navy Deep Submergence Vehicle DSV Sea Cliff
Significance of the flattening of pumice fragments in ash-flow tuffs
Abundant pumice fragments occur in the Apache Leap Tuff of east-central Arizona, an ash-flow sheet with a maximum thickness of 600 m and a K-Ar age of 20 m.y. The amount of flattening of pumice fragments is widely variable at any particular locality, but systematic measurements show that the mean degree of flattening, defined as the “flattening ratio,” steadily increases from the top downward into the body of the sheet. Ultimately the fragments are so compacted that they lose their identity. On a logarithmic scale the plot of flattening ratios is approximately linear relative to depth of burial. The uniform downward increase in flattening combines with evidence obtained from zoning and specific gravity characteristics to show that most of the deposit is a single cooling unit. Because of the uniform trend, flattening also provides a guide to the original thickness of overlying tuff at localities at which fragments can be measured. This permits the development of stratigraphy for the seemingly uniform deposit and provides a means to estimate pre-erosion thickness of the ash-flow sheet and the amount of stratigraphic throw on faults. A mining company used flattening ratios to predict successfully the ash-flow thickness cut by a new shaft. Postemplacement crystallization and diagenetic processes have greatly reduced the initial porosity of the deposit, and present porosity values erroneously indicate a considerably higher degree of welding than is inferred from deformation of the pumice fragments. It seems that in deposits where crystallization and diagenesis have been significant, flattening ratios of pumice fragments may be a better guide than porosity to the degree of welding that occurred during cooling of the deposit. The change of flattening ratio with depth can also serve as an approximate guide to the relative viscosity of pumice during emplacement. Viscosity is determined chiefly by temperature, chemical composition, volatile content, and crystallinity. The downward change in flattening ratio in the Apache Leap Tuff is gradual, indicating a relatively high viscosity. By assuming high volatile content and low groundmass crystallinity at the time of emplacement, the high viscosity can be ascribed to the combined result of nonperalkalic chemical composition and relatively low temperature.
Abstract Commercial geothermal power plants throughout the world are located in areas of recent silicic volcanism, but the obvious supply of heat associated with Hawaii's active basaltic volcanoes is attractive as a possible future source of power. Between April 6 and July 9, 1973, the first deep borehole at the summit of an active volcano was drilled at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. The 1,262-m-deep hole was drilled to test predictions based on surface geophysical surveys and to obtain information on the hydrothermal regime above a postulated magma reservoir. Surface deformation during inflations by magma and deflations (via eruptions) had been interpreted to indicate a complex magma-reservoir system 2 – 4 km below Kilauea's summit. An electromagnetic sounding survey had defined a dome-shaped zone of low resistivity 900–2,000 m below the summit. This zone was believed likely to contain saline groundwater domed into a hydrothermal convection cell.
Flow of Lava into the Sea, 1969–1971, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Abstract The volcanic origin of the islands, guyots, and other submerged features of the Hawaiian archipelago makes the chances of finding oil reserves exceedingly remote. Volcanism and submergence have migrated progressively from northwest to southeast along the 1,600-mi (2,600 km) length of the archipelago in the course of Tertiary time; hence the possible existence of submerged and buried lagoonal source rocks, reefs and other porous reservoirs, and ash, soil, dikes, and other trap-forming elements cannot be dismissed categorically. The fortuitous association of source and reservoir rocks and trapping mechanisms is unknown at the present time, and until such optimum conditions for oil accumulation are established by deep coring with scientific objectives, any search for commercial hydrocarbons is little short of futile.