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Synopsis of geologic history portrayed along Corridor C-3: Southern California borderland-Rio Grande rift
Abstract Corridor C-3 (Fig. 1) traverses the transition from oceanic crust to cratonal rocks of North America along a 1,500-km transect from offshore southern California to central New Mexico (Howell and others, 1985; Gibson and others, 1985). The western end of the transect is offshore in an oceanic seamount province of the Pacific plate. Eastward, it crosses the southern California borderland and emerges onshore in the batholith-dominated Peninsular Ranges. C-3 spans the Salton trough, a transform rift floored by nascent oceanic crust, and the Basin and Range structural province, formed by extension and disruption of cratonal rocks. The eastern end of C-3 is on the stable craton. Neogene tectonism has severely disrupted the older structural grain between the oceanic lithosphere and the craton. Much of this young tectonism is attributed to interactions along the plate edges after the spreading ridge system separating the Pacific and Farallon plates inpinged upon the North American plate in late Oligocene time. Two triple junctions—one migrating northward, the other southward relative to the Pacific plate—formed as the spreading system moved eastward relative to the North American plate. The San Andreas fault system began to develop within a broad zone of right shear as the triple junctions moved apart. The main strand of the San Andreas is but one of many northwest-trending right-lateral faults in the system. The boundary between the Pacific and North American plates is best perceived as a broad zone of right shear rather than a specific fault trace. The continental crust of the
C-3 Pacific abyssal plain to the Rio Grande rift
Abstract DNAG Transect C-3. Part of GSA’s DNAG Continent-Ocean Transect Series, this transect contains all or most of the following: free-air gravity and magnetic anomaly profiles, heat flow measurements, geologic cross section with no vertical exaggeration, multi-channel seismic reflection profiles, tectonic kindred cross section with vertical exaggeration, geologic map, stratigraphic diagram, and an index map. All transects are on a scale of 1:500,000.
North American Continent-Ocean Transect C-3: Pacific Abyssal Plain to the Rio Grande Rift
Abstract A 1500-km transect from offshore southern California to central New Mexico portrays the transition from oceanic crust to stable North American craton (Figure 1). Three sheets of maps and sections cover segments of offshore and onshore southern California, southwestern Arizona adjacent to the international border, as well as southeastern Arizona and central New Mexico. The western edge of the offshore segment is Long. 122°W and the corridor lies between Lat. 33°N and Lat. 34°N. A northward extension, which continues to Lat. 35°N, includes the western Tranverse Ranges. After crossing the Peninsular Ranges, the corridor bends sharply toward the international border to pass through southeastern California and southwestern Arizona to Long. 111°W near Tucson, where the transect bends northeastward and terminates near Socorro, New Mexico at Long. 106°W between Lat. 33°30′N and 34°30′N. The east-west cross section generally is about halfway between the boundaries of the transect. A north-south section approximately along Long. 119°30′W, crosses the western Transverse Ranges and adjacent northern Channel Islands. A brief tectonic history of the continental margin of the southwestern United States is presented using the concept of tectonostratigraphic terranes. This history is supported by the Appendix, in which the stratigraphy of each terrane is described. Geologic relations depicted deeper than a few kilometers are inferential and somewhat subjective. Nevertheless, this summarization of contemporary tectonic interpretations is expected to stimulate interest and further research in this region. The following text embellishes the Chronology of Terrane Assembly diagram and Tectonostratigraphic Columns shown on sheet 1.
Front Matter
Back Matter
Plates
Abstract Subaqueous fan deposition occurs in a variety of settings from the deep sea to freshwater lakes. The mode of fan deposition includes a whole family of mass flow processes; thus the so-called "turbidite deep-sea fan" is a misnomer. Submarine fan is a more appropriate term that needs modification for the special case of a nonmarine fan. Data derived from modern oceanographic surveys and studies of ancient submarine fans are used to construct generalized physiographic models composed of these parts: slope/feeder channel/canyon, inner (upper) fan, middle fan, outer (lower) fan, and basin plain; subenvironments of deposition include channels, channel thalwegs, levees, and interchannel and fringe areas. Ancient fan deposits can be classified into seven broad lithofacies on the basis of grain size, bed fabric and thickness, and associated sedimentary structures. The environments represented by an ancient fan can be reconstructed from the association of particular lithofacies and the lateral and vertical character of bedding cycles. These sedimentary structures, lithofacies, and bedding cycles are described and illustrated in this study with comparisons of subenvironments defined for modern an ancient fans. During the last several decades, the recognition and classification of submarine fans has enabled geologists to better understand certain aspects of sedimentologic and tectonic dynamics, particularly along continental margins. In reconstructing an ancient fan, the spatial relations of lithofacies, rather than formations, need to be mapped. Excellent papers summarize widely applicable lithofacies-classification schemes (Mutti and Ricci Lucchi, 1972; Walker, 1978). Such lithofacies criteria have been used successfully in re-describing well-known
Stratigraphy, Sedimentation, and Tectonic Accretion of Exotic Terranes, Southern Coast Ranges, California
Abstract The southern Coast Ranges west of the San Andreas fault consist of two composite tectono-stratigraphic terranes. Paleomagnetic and geologic relations indicate that pre-early Eocene rocks in both terranes are allochthonous to the California region, and Late Cretaceous to early Eocene northward drift of 1,500 km is suspected. Basement rocks of the Salinian composite terrane are composed of middle Cretaceous granite plutons and older high-temperature metasedimentary rocks. The Salinian composite terrane is bordered on the west by the Sur-Obispo composite terrane, which includes a melange of the Franciscan assemblage (San Simeon terrane) that is structurally overlain by a Middle Jurassic ophiolite and Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous forearcbasin strata (Stanley Mountain terrane). Along the east edge of the Sur-Obispo composite terrane, an upper Campanian to lower Maestrichtian fluvio-deltaic sequence containing 102-m.y.-old to 126-m.y.-old granitic boulders lends credence to the postulated suturing of these two terranes in Late Cretaceous time. A regional unconformity that developed sometime in the span of middle(?) Paleocene to early (?) Eocene time apparently crosses both terranes. We suggest that an allochthon composed of the Sur-Obispo and Salinian composite terranes, as well as other terranes, was accreted to the southern California region in latest Paleocene or earliest Eocene time. The hypothetical Santa Lucia-Orocopia allochthon (new name) represents the amalgamated composite of these mutually exotic terranes.