Abstract This review covers global uppermost Neoproterozoic–Cambrian petroleum systems using published information and the results of studies undertaken by the Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA) on the Neoproterozoic Officer Basin. Both production and hydrocarbon (HC) shows sourced from, and reservoired in, uppermost Neoproterozoic–Cambrian successions occur worldwide, and these provide ample incentive for continuing exploration for these older petroleum systems. However, the risks of charge volume, timing of generation–migration v. trap formation and preservation of accumulation are significantly higher than in conventional Phanerozoic petroleum systems. Therefore, the location and assessment of preserved HC accumulations in such old petroleum systems presents a significant exploration challenge. Organic-rich metamorphosed Proterozoic successions of SE Greenland, the Ukrainian Krivoy Roy Series, the Canadian Upper Huronian Series and the oil shales of the Russian Onega Basin are known as the world's oldest overmature petroleum source rocks. The oldest live oil has been recovered from the McArthur Basin of Australia ( c . 1.4 Ga; Ga is 10 9 years), followed by the Nonesuch oil of Michigan. Numerous other petroleum shows have been reported from Australia, Canada, China, India, Morocco, Mauritania, Mali, Oman, Pakistan, Venezuela and the USA. These demonstrate that generation and migration of Proterozoic petroleum has occurred worldwide. The Siberian Lena–Tunguska province, the Russian Volga–Ural region and the Middle Eastern south Oman petroleum fields exemplify the productive potential of uppermost Neoproterozoic–Cambrian successions, where petroleum generation, migration and trapping were either late in the geological history (Palaeozoic–Mesozoic, Oman) or where accumulations have been preserved beneath highly effective super-seals (Lena–Tunguska). The total resource potential of the Lena–Tunguska petroleum province is estimated to be 2000 Mbbl (million barrels) oil and 83 Tcf (trillion cubic feet) gas. The equivalent proven and probable reserves derived from Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian source rocks and trapped in Late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran), Palaeozoic and Mesozoic reservoirs in Oman are at least 12 bbbl (billion barrels) of oil and an undetermined volume of gas. The recovery of 12 Mcf (million cubic feet) of Precambrian gas from the Ooraminna-1 well in the Amadeus Basin in 1963, together with the occurrence of numerous HC shows within the Australian Centralian Superbasin, triggered the initial exploration for Proterozoic hydrocarbons in Australia. This included exploration in the Neoproterozoic Officer Basin, which is reviewed in this paper as a case study. Minor oil shows and numerous bitumen occurrences have been reported from the 24 petroleum exploration wells drilled in the Officer Basin to date, indicating the existence of a Neoproterozoic petroleum system. However, the potential of the Neoproterozoic petroleum system in the vast underexplored Officer Basin, with its sparse well control, remains unverified, but may be significant, as may that of many other ‘Infracambrian’ basins around the world.

Abstract Despite the existence of proven Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian (‘Infracambrian’) hydrocarbon plays in many parts of the world, the Neoproterozoic Eon, from 1000 Ma to the base of the Cambrian at 542 Ma, is relatively poorly known from a petroleum perspective. The so-called ‘Peri-Gondwanan Margin’ is one region of the Neoproterozoic world that is exciting particular interest in the search for ‘old’ hydrocarbon plays, mainly due to exploration success in time-equivalent sequences of Oman. The ‘Infracambrian’ succession in North Africa is widely accessible, and is already emerging as a hydrocarbon exploration target with considerable potential and with proven petroleum systems in different areas. The Taoudenni Basin (Mauritania, Mali, Algeria) in western North Africa is an underexplored basin, despite the Abolag-1 well (Texaco 1974) gas discovery. New palynological data have recently provided the first definitive Late Riphean age dates for the stromatolitic limestone reservoir sequence in Abolag-1. The widespread presence of stromatolitic carbonate units of potential reservoir facies in many parts of North Africa has been confirmed by new fieldwork in the Taoudenni Basin, in the Anti-Atlas region of Morocco and in the Al Kufrah Basin of Libya. Similar biostratigraphic age constraints have also been obtained from subsurface sequences of the Cyrenaica Platform bordering the East Sirte Basin of Libya, many of which have been traditionally assigned an ‘unconstrained’ Cambro-Ordovician age on the basis of lithological characteristics. Besides the proven, producing, weathered-granite reservoir in East Sirte Basin, the hydrocarbon potential of Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian sequences developed in structural troughs bordering the south Cyrenaica Platform is still being evalutated. Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian organic-rich strata with hydrocarbon source rock potential are widespread along the Peri-Gondwanan Margin. Some of the black shales encountered on the West African Craton may be as old as 1000 Ma and predate the Pan-African orogenic event. The Late Ordovician–Early Silurian systems in North Africa and the Middle East may form a good analogue for post-glacial source rock depositional systems in the Neoproterozoic, where black shale deposition may also have been triggered by post-glacial sea-level rise.

Abstract The Neoproterozoic Eon is relatively poorly known from a petroleum perspective, despite the existence of producing, proven and potential plays in many parts of the world. In tectonic, climatic and petroleum systems terms, the Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian period can be divided into three distinct phases: a Tonian to Early Cryogenian phase, prior to about 750 Ma, dominated by the formation, stabilization and initial break-up of the supercontinent of Rodinia; a mid Cryogenian to Early Ediacaran phase ( c . 750–600 Ma) including the major global-scale ‘Sturtian’ and ‘Marinoan’ glaciations and a mid Ediacaran to Early Cambrian ( c . post 600 Ma) phase corresponding with the formation and stabilization of the Gondwana Supercontinent. There is increasing evidence that deposition of many mid to late Neoproterozoic (to Early Palaeozoic) organic-rich units was triggered by strong post-glacial sea level rise on a global scale, following the ‘Snowball Earth’ type glaciations, coupled with basin development and rifting on a more local scale. Fieldwork in North Africa including the Taoudenni Basin in Mauritania, Algeria and Mali; the Anti-Atlas region of Morocco and the Cyrenaica, Kufra and Murzuk basins in Libya has added to the understanding of reservoir, source and seal relationships and confirmed the widespread presence of Precambrian stromatolitic carbonate units of potential reservoir facies. Current research on the chronostratigraphy, distribution and quality of source rocks, controls on reservoir quality and distribution of seals in the Precambrian–Early Cambrian hydrocarbon plays throughout South America, North Africa, the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinent is documented in this Special Publication.