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Freshwater plumes and brackish lakes: Integrated microfossil and O-C-Sr isotopic evidence from the late Miocene and early Pliocene Bouse Formation (California-Arizona) supports a lake overflow model for the integration of the lower Colorado River corridor
East African weathering dynamics controlled by vegetation-climate feedbacks
An Integrated Sedimentary Systems Analysis of the RíO Bermejo (Argentina): Megafan Character in the Overfilled Southern Chaco Foreland Basin
DID A CATASTROPHIC LAKE SPILLOVER INTEGRATE THE LATE MIOCENE EARLY PLIOCENE COLORADO RIVER AND THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA?: MICROFAUNAL AND STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE FROM BLYTHE BASIN, CALIFORNIA-ARIZONA, USA
High-resolution paleoecological records from Lake Malawi show no significant cooling associated with the Mount Toba supereruption at ca. 75 ka
Laguna Mar Chiquita (central Argentina; ~latitude 31°S, longitude 63°W) provides an outstanding opportunity to examine organic facies development and petroleum source-rock potential in a modern thick-skinned foreland basin lake. In this case study, we define profundal, paleodelta, and lake-margin depositional environments based on trends in bathymetry and lake-floor sediment particle size. Sedimentary geochemical analyses indicate that organic carbon–rich muds accumulate in profundal environments during the extant lake-level highstand. The lateral variability of organic facies is minimal. The quality of organic facies is controlled by lake level and depositional environment, both of which dictate patterns of algal productivity, siliciclastic dilution, and early diagenesis. We present conceptual models of lacustrine source rocks in both thick-skinned and thin-skinned foreland basins based on modern analog data from both Laguna Mar Chiquita and other lakes in the central Andean foreland. Over relatively short time intervals (10 2 –10 4 yr), climatically driven water-level fluctuations influence the source-rock potential of these basins. Over time intervals >10 5 yr, contraction and lateral migration of the basin flexural profile control stratal stacking patterns and the potential for hydrocarbon play development.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ON SHELL-RICH FACIES IN TROPICAL LACUSTRINE RIFTS: A VIEW FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA'S LITTORAL
Lacustrine Fossil Preservation in Acidic Environments: Implications of Experimental and Field Studies for the Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary Acid Rain Trauma
The live, the dead, and the very dead: taphonomic calibration of the recent record of paleoecological change in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa
Effects of land-use change on aquatic biodiversity: A view from the paleorecord at Lake Tanganyika, East Africa
Control of Normal Fault Interaction on the Distribution of Major Neogene Sedimentary Depocenters, Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift
Lake level and paleoenvironmental history of Lake Tanganyika, Africa, as inferred from late Holocene and modern stromatolites
Textural and Compositional Variability Across Littoral Segments of Lake Tanganyika: The Effect of Asymmetric Basin Structure on Sedimentation in Large Rift Lakes
Abstract Bottom sediments of the largest lake of the East African Rift system, Lake Tanganyika (length 650 km; maximum depth 1470 m; volume 18,800 km 3 ) (Fig. 1), were extensively studied between 1983 and 1986 by Project PROBE of Duke University (U.S.A.) and Project GEORIFT (1984-1985) of Elf Aquitaine (France), using a wide range of methods such as reflection seismology, piston coring, and dredging. Interpretation of multifold reflection seismic profiles collected by Project PROBE suggests up to 4 km of sediment has accumulated within local depocenters. In addition, seismic profiles exhibit several seismic discontinuities and associated sequences, interpreted to have resulted from large-scale, temporal changes in local tectonics and/or climate (Burgess and others, 1988; Scholz and Rosendahl, 1988). Our interpretation of Recent and Modern profundal sediments in Lake Tanganyika is based on high-resolution, 5-kHz seismic surveys, along with multiple Kullenberg cores from the north and south basins of the lake collected during the GEORIFT project, and our interpretation of littoral clastic and biogenic sedimentation is based on grab sampling, observations from SCUBA, and gravity cores collected by the University of Arizona (Cohen, 1990; Soreghan and Cohen, 1991). These previous studies were supplemented by gravity cores collected in the Burundian part of the northern basin during a 1992 joint field operation by the University of Arizona (U.S.A.), the INSU-CNRS (France), and the CASIMIR project (Belgium). In this paper, our goal is to illustrate fundamental differences in facies associations within Lake Tanganyika that are, to a large degree, controlled by the basin structure.
Modern vertebrate tracks from Lake Manyara, Tanzania and their paleobiological implications
Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system
The effects of basin asymmetry on sand composition: Examples from Lake Tanganyika, Africa
Distinctive compositional trends occur in sand suites collected from structurally diverse segments of Lake Tanganyika (East African Rift System). Climate (subhumid, tropical) and source lithology (mixed granitic and metasedimentary rocks) are generally invariant between the source areas studied. Therefore, differences in sand composition relate directly to differences in compositional modification during transport and deposition of the sands. Sand composition along contrasting segments of the lake basin can be related to the strong structural asymmetry of the basin. We point-counted medium sands from river mouth, deltaic, beach, and shallow-water environments of four structurally distinct, lake-margin settings: (1) escarpment margin (Pemba, Zaire site); (2) hinged margin (Nyanza Lac, Burundi, and Rumonge, Burundi sites); (3) accommodation-zone margin (Magara, Burundi site); and (4) axial margin (Ruzizi River site, Burundi). These four margin-types are typical of the structural morphology in strongly asymmetric half-graben rift basins. Using the Gazzi-Dickinson point counting methodology, margins two through four cluster tightly in QFL space, suggesting similar source lithology. Samples from the Pemba site (escarpment margin) are significantly depleted in feldspar. Because of the uncertainties in interpreting this difference, the escarpment margin sands were not included in subsequent analyses. Variations in sand composition occur between the remaining sites when using the traditional point-counting methodology. The suite of fluvial sands entering the lake basin along the accommodation-zone margin (Magara site) averages 38% rock fragments compared to an average of 15 to 20% and 18% rock fragments for the suite of fluvial sands entering the basin along the hinged or axial margins, respectively. This is a fundamental contrast that correlates directly to differences in drainage basin size. Reworking at the depositional site produces additional compositional differences across the structural margins. In comparing the sample suites for each site, it is the variability in the data that is more important than average composition in highlighting these differences. Minimal compositional modification occurs at the depositional site along both the accommodation-zone margin and the axial margin. In contrast, significant environmental overprinting occurs along the hinged margin sites. Limited compositional modification along the accommodation-zone margin results from the steep depositional gradient and the very narrow high-energy zone which limits reworking of the sediment. The limited reworking and the consequent minimal compositional modification along the axial margin are primarily a function of the high sedimentation rate. The compositional modification (enrichment in quartz) along the hinged margin is a function of low sediment accumulation rates coupled with low subsidence rates, leaving large regions of shallow-water substrate exposed to long periods of reworking. Chemical alteration of labile phases also occurs along the hinged margin through carbonate replacement of feldspar. Our results suggest that, with careful statistical analysis, it is possible to use sandstone composition to distinguish between tectonic margins typical of half-graben basins. Using this approach in ancient studies, it is necessary to collect from several coeval facies among different study sites and to constrain source lithology and climate. In addition, these results are most appropriate for humid-climate basins, where weathering processes are most extreme.
Tectono-Stratigraphic Model for Sedimentation in Lake Tanganyika, Africa
Abstract Lake Tanganyika provides an excellent opportunity for understanding tectonic and climatic influences on sedimentation in a rift lake. Each tectonic setting within rift half-graben basins generates a predictable range of lithofacies architectures. Escarpment-margin (boundary-fault) drainages are small and steep, producing small fan deltas and thick, although not broad, sublacustrine fan complexes. Most water and sediment derived from escarpments is diverted away from the rift basin, although it may reenter along an adjacent half-graben basin margin. Drainages crossing hinge ramps or platforms are larger and well integrated. Deltaic sands on these platforms may form sheets or be channelized into older alluvial valleys. Delta positions are poorly constrained by structure, and portions of the platforms may be clastic-sediment bypassed. Fault-bounded interbasinal ridges, termed accommodation zones, are clastic-sediment starved. They are predominantly areas of pelagic sedimentation but may become areas of littoral carbonate accumulation at appropriate lake levels. Rift-axial streams drain moderately large areas under very low gradients. Their deltaic positions are highly constrained by rift structure, providing for abundant clastic-sediment supply across the axis. A predominance of interflows and underflows generates strong density currents across most lake margins. Asymmetry in lithology and strata thickness is the result of lake-level fluctuations interacting with varying rates of sediment accumulation, much of which is structurally influenced. Differences in sequence geometry have implications not only for interpreting ancient rift-lake deposits but also for deposition of economically viable reservoir facies and their juxtaposition with source rocks and caprocks. Several environments deserve more attention as exploration analogs than they have previously received. Platform and axial-margin sand bodies (clastic and carbonate), accommodation-zone carbonates, and turbidites or contourites derived from platform or axial sources all have considerable potential as reservoir facies.