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High-resolution geophysical and geochronological analysis of a relict shoreface deposit offshore central California: Implications for slip rate along the Hosgri fault
Contemporary Salt-Marsh Foraminifera from Southern California and Implications for Reconstructing Late Holocene Sea-Level Changes
Coastal switching of dominant depositional processes driven by decreasing rates of Holocene sea-level rise along the macrotidal coast of Gochang, SW Korea
Holocene Evolution of the Western Louisiana–Texas Coast, USA: Response to Sea-Level Rise and Climate Change
ABSTRACT An extensive grid of high-resolution seismic data, hundreds of sediment cores, and a robust radiocarbon-age data set acquired over nearly four decades allows detailed analysis of Holocene coastal evolution of western Louisiana and Texas, USA. Results from this study provide a framework for assessing the response of a myriad of coastal environments to climate change and variable sea-level rise. Climate varies across the region today, spanning four climate zones from humid to semi-arid, and has fluctuated during the Holocene. The most notable changes were alterations between cool/wet and warm/dry conditions. Sea-level records for the northwestern Gulf of Mexico indicate an average rate of rise during the early Holocene of 4.2 mm/yr, punctuated by rates exceeding 10.0 mm/yr. After ca. 7.0 ka, the rate of rise slowed, and by ca. 4.0 ka, the average rate decreased from 0.6 mm/yr to 0.3 mm/yr. The current rate of sea-level rise in the region is 3.0 mm/yr, marking a return to early Holocene conditions. Despite its incomplete stratigraphic record of coastal evolution during the middle and early Holocene, it is still the most complete record for the Gulf Coast. Bay evolution, as recorded within the offshore Trinity and Sabine incised valleys, was characterized by periods of bayhead delta and tidal delta expansion, followed by episodes of dramatic landward shifts in these environments. The ancestral Brazos, Colorado, and Rio Grande river deltas and coastal barriers also experienced landward stepping during the early Holocene. The widespread nature of these flooding events and their impact on multiple coastal environments suggests that they were caused by episodes of rapid sea-level rise. Similar methods were used to study modern bays, including the acquisition of seismic lines and drill cores along the axes of the bays to examine the magnitudes and timing of transgressive events. Results from Lake Calcasieu, Sabine Lake, Galveston Bay, Matagorda Bay, Copano Bay, Corpus Christi Bay, and Baffin Bay reveal that landward shifts in bayhead deltas, on the order of kilometers per century, occurred between 9.8 ka and 9.5 ka, 8.9–8.5 ka, 8.4–8.0 ka, and 7.9–7.5 ka. These results are consistent with those from offshore studies and indicate that punctuated sea-level rise dominated coastal evolution during the early Holocene. By ca. 7.0 ka, the average rate of sea-level rise in the northern Gulf of Mexico decreased to 1.4 mm/yr, and there was considerable sinuosity of the coastline and variability in the timing of bay and coastal barrier evolution. The diachronous nature of coastal environment migration across the region indicates that sea-level rise played a secondary role to climate-controlled oscillations in river sediment discharge to the coast. At ca. 4.0 ka, the average rate of sea-level rise decreased to 0.5 mm/yr. During this period of slow sea-level rise, coastal bays began to take on their current form, with the exception of changes in the sizes and locations of bayhead deltas caused by changes in sediment supply from rivers. There were also significant changes in the size and configuration of tidal inlets and deltas as a result of barrier growth. The late Holocene was also a time when coastal barriers experienced progradation and transgression on the order of several kilometers. The timing of these changes varied across the region, which is another indication that sea-level rise played a minor role in coastal change during the late Holocene. Instead, barrier evolution during this time was controlled by fluctuations in sand supply to the coast from rivers and offshore sources. Historical records indicate a dramatic reversal in coastal evolution marked by increased landward shoreline migration of chenier plains and coastal barriers across the region. The main cause of this change is accelerated sea-level rise during this century and diminished sediment supply to the coast. Wetlands are also experiencing rapid change due to their inability to keep pace with sea-level rise, especially in areas where subsidence rates are high. Although direct human influence is a factor in these changes, these impacts are more localized. Coastal change is expected to increase over the next several decades as the rate of sea-level rise increases, the climate in Texas becomes more arid, and more severe storms impact the coast.
Front Matter
Global sea-level rise increased during the twentieth century from 1.5 to 3.0 mm/yr and is expected to at least double over the next few decades. The Western Louisiana and Texas coast is especially vulnerable to sea-level rise due to low gradients, high subsidence, and depleted sediment supply. This Memoir describes the regional response of coastal environments to variable rates of sea-level rise and sediment supply during Holocene to modern time. It is based on results from more than six decades of research focused on coastal and nearshore stratigraphic records. The results are a wake-up call for those who underestimate the potential magnitude of coastal change over decadal to centennial time scales, with dramatic changes caused by accelerated sea-level rise and diminished sediment supply.
Sedimentary response of a structural estuary to Holocene coseismic subsidence
Late Holocene ice-mass changes recorded in a relative sea-level record from Joinville Island, Antarctica
Abstract Compared to their equivalents along passive margins, less is understood about the stratigraphic architecture of incised-valley fill along active margins. Using approximately 10 km of shallow-marine seismic data and five vibracores, we compare the coastal incised-valley fill of two small southern California mountainous streams within the slowly uplifting and semiarid Oceanside Littoral Cell to incised-valley fill models from other active and passive margins. Our seismic data images the upper 16 m of the valley fill and contains three seismic units. The top unit is composed of a discontinuous drape of high-amplitude discontinuous subparallel reflections between 0.2 to 2 m thick, assuming a seismic velocity of 1500 m/s. The second unit is a 5.5- to 8-m-thick unit of faint chaotic reflections discontinuously compartmentalized by higher-amplitude mounded reflections. The lowest unit recorded in the seismic data is composed of a series of faint horizontal continuous reflections. A prominent reflector at 10 m separates the middle chaotic seismic unit from the lowest seismic unit. The shallow vibracores sampled the upper two seismic units, revealing a moderately well-sorted fine to very fine sand overlain by two silty units. The upper silt unit is bioturbated while the lower silt unit is well-laminated with laminations of gypsum sand. We interpret the silty units to represent a well-flushed mudflat overlying an enclosed evaporative mudflat. The second of these two facies appears to be unique to southern California estuaries undergoing uplift as an equivalent facies is not found within the estuaries developed within subsiding basins of the southern California coast. The sandy unit is interpreted to represent sandy lagoon or sandflat deposits. No cores sampled the lowest seismic unit; however, based on previously published data from neighboring incised valleys, we interpret it to be an open-estuary/central basin deposit. The fill within these small incised valleys is similar to that found along passive margins. The architecture of the valley fill is not dominated by tectonics but by eustatic sea-level rise. It lacks the multiple progradational phases and large volumes of coarse clastics common to other incised-valley fills from active margins. We attribute this difference to the generally low rates of uplift along this portion of the coast.
CORRIGENDUM: Holocene sea-level change derived from microbial mats
The Ecological Balance of Nature and the Evolution of Baffin Bay, Texas
The role of buoyancy reversal in turbidite deposition and submarine fan geometry
Highstand shelf fans: The role of buoyancy reversal in the deposition of a new type of shelf sand body
Marine terraces and rates of vertical tectonic motion: The importance of glacio-isostatic adjustment along the Pacific coast of central North America
The Influence of Valley Morphology On the Rate of Bayhead Delta Progradation
Holocene sea-level change derived from microbial mats
Fourier Grain-Shape Analysis of Antarctic Marine Core: The Relative Influence of Provenance and Glacial Activity On Grain Shape
Abstract Marine geological studies provide a record of diachronous expansion and retreat of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet, West Antarctic Ice Sheet and East Antarctic Ice Sheet during the past c. 30 000 cal yr BP. Retreat of these ice sheets and Antarctica’s contribution to sea-level rise was largely complete by the early Holocene. Estimates of ice sheet thickness, based on maximum grounding depths, range from 640 to 1640 m on the inner continental shelf. Grounding depths on the outer continental shelf equate to minimum thicknesses of 410–950 m. Geomorphic features indicate that retreat from the continental shelf was mostly step-wise around the continent, a result of the different factors that control ice sheet behaviour and the degree to which these factors vary regionally. Thus, the nature of post-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) sea-level rise was episodic and believed to have been punctuated by rapid pulses triggered by individual ice stream collapse. Most of these pulses would have been of sub-metre magnitudes and below the resolution of existing sea-level curves, but they would have had significant impact on coastal evolution, especially along low-gradient coasts.