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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Facies changes across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in Nevada, USA
Evidence of sea-level fall in sequence stratigraphy: Examples from the Jurassic: Comment and Reply: REPLY
Evidence of sea-level fall in sequence stratigraphy: Examples from the Jurassic
Estimates of the amount and rate of sea-level change across the Rhaetian—Hettangian and Pliensbachian—Toarcian boundaries (latest Triassic to early Jurassic)
Facies change and the end-Permian mass extinction in S.E. Sichuan, China
Organic carbon isotopic record across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in Austria and its bearing on the cause of the mass extinction
Chapter 3: Eduard Suess and European thought on Phanerozoic eustasy
The Austrian geologist Suess was the person who introduced the concept of eustasy, distinguishing two types of movement, caused by different processes. Negative movements, involving lowering of sea level, were caused by spasmodic subsidence of the ocean floor as a consequence of global contraction. Positive movements, involving rise of sea level, were more continuous and caused by the displacement of seawater by ocean-floor sedimentation. Suess’s eustatic interpretation was disputed by later scholars. Haug, thus, maintained that transgressions on the continents correlated with regressions in the geosynclines, and vice versa, and Haarmann argued for contemporary up and down movement of landmasses, with rises and falls of sea level a secondary consequence. However, the German geologist, Stille, was a confirmed eustasist, arguing that the major movements of the strandline had affected all the continents in much the same sense at the same time. Stille claimed that a series of relatively brief global “orogenic periods” increased the total continental area and caused general regression of the sea. Stille was the first to produce a eustatic curve for the Phanerozoic, but publication of this had to await a paper by Umbgrove shortly before the Second World War. Another Dutchman, Kuenen, was a pioneer in the use of the hypsographic curve to attempt a crude estimate of the amount of sea-level change resulting from a given change in area of land flooded by epicontinental seas. He rejected Suess’s explanations of positive and negative eustasy, preferring with Umbgrove an underlying mechanism bound up with mantle processes. After the Second World War a reaction set in against Stille’s geotectonic ideas, but eustatic studies were given support by oceanographic studies that suggested a plausible mechanism for long-term eustatic changes, and more detailed stratigraphic work across the world, which supported the reality of eustasy. Modern work concentrates on applying the concepts of sequence stratigraphy.
Correlation of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in England and Austria
The end-Triassic mass extinction event, one of the five biggest in the Phanerozoic, is clearly marked in the marine realm by the almost total extinction of the ammonites, final disappearance of the conodonts, collapse of the reef ecosystem, and substantial changes in other groups. In the terrestrial realm a contemporary mass extinction event among the tetrapods is clearly recorded in eastern North America, the site of the best stratigraphic record, and there was also a major floral turnover that has probably been hitherto underestimated. With regard to possible causes, there is no evidence in the stratigraphic sequence supporting bolide impact, such as shocked quartz or iridium anomalies, although such evidence has been sought, and no evidence of a significant climatic change across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. There is, however, strong evidence of a sea-level change at the boundary in the form of a regressive-transgressive complet that appears to be associated with the inception of tensional tectonics and volcanicity in the central part of Pangaea. In the western Americas there is evidence of transgression–sea-level rise at or close to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary but no evidence of preceding regression. Both in Europe and the Americas, transgressive deposits are characteristically anoxic or hypoxic. The underlying control is likely to be bound up with events in the mantle.
A Reevaluation of Jurassic Eustasy in the Light of New Data and the Revised Exxon Curve
Abstract: A comparison is made between the revised Exxon eustatic curve for the Jurassic, based essentially on seismic stratigraphic analysis of North Sea data, and a new curve derived from more conventional stratigraphic analysis. The two curves are broadly similar in that a secular rise of sea level through most of the period is indicated on which about 17 shorter term cycles are superimposed. Both record notable rises in the Sinemurian, Toarcian, Bajocian, Callovian, Oxfordian, and Kimmeridgian. The Exxon curve, however, misses the important event across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and underestimates the rate of rise in sea level for a number of cycles. In addition, some supposed eustatic events can be discounted as the consequence of regional tectonics. Tectonic activity involving subsidence and uplift, rather than geoid changes, is thought to be the principal cause of regional distortions of the global picture. There is a need for better quantitative data on the amplitude and rate of changes in sea level.