The physical volcanology of large-scale effusive and explosive silicic eruptions in southeastern Saurashtra, Deccan Traps

Silicic magmatism, minor overall in the approximately 65.5 Ma Deccan Traps continental flood basalt (CFB) province of India, was widespread in the Saurashtra region. We describe the physical volcanology of silicic volcanics and dikes exposed around Rajula-Savarkundla-Gariyadhar-Talaja towns in southeastern Saurashtra. The silicic volcanics conformably overlie basaltic lavas, suggesting rapid subaerial volcanism, and the sequence shows gentle tectonic dips ( approximately 15 degrees ) towards the Arabian Sea. Rhyolites and dacites with preserved thicknesses of tens of metres show intense internal rheomorphic deformation, and a dacite shows a well-formed basal autobreccia. The rheomorphic rhyolites, and vitrophyres which often underlie them, lack vitroclasts (glass shards and pumice clasts). They have very similar mineral assemblages (quartz and alkali feldspar phenocrysts, and crystal cargoes dominated by calcic plagioclase and clinopyroxene or orthopyroxene, sometimes with olivine). The rheomorphic units are thus flood rhyolite and dacite lavas, apparently common in the northern-northwestern Deccan, and the vitrophyres their basal chilled parts. Tuffs (including crystal-vitric Plinian fallout ash) and eutaxitic ignimbrites formed from pyroclastic density currents; one tuff contains extraordinary numbers of lithophysae. Ridges of rhyolitic tuff breccias with pervasive secondary silicification and ferruginization represent pyroclastic eruptive fissures. The area thus records large-scale effusive and explosive silicic eruptions. Mafic and silicic dikes intrude the basaltic lavas and rarely the silicic volcanics. Mafic enclaves in several silicic dikes and some volcanics indicate magma mingling as a common phenomenon. The seaward-dipping volcanic units define a regional-scale flexure comparable to coastal flexures in CFB provinces worldwide, suggesting extensive block-faulting of this classical volcanic rifted margin.