Syn-depositional oil seeps in the late Albian Paddy Member of the Peace River Formation (Early Cretaceous), north-central Alberta

Controversy exists regarding the timing of emplacement of oil in the giant Athabasca and Peace River oil sands. Bitumen-cemented sandstones are present in the late Albian Paddy Member of the Peace River Formation; some cemented sandstones formed burrowed firmgrounds and reworked intraclasts, showing that oil was reaching surface by about 101-102 Ma. Estuarine and shallow-marine sandstones of the Paddy Member are exposed on the Peace and Heart rivers in the vicinity of the town of Peace River. Bitumen-cemented sandstone occurs in four stratigraphic settings: 1) An in-situ cement forms locally bedding-transgressive, sheet-like masses in cross-bedded estuarine sandstone; 2) A bitumen-cemented and heavily burrowed layer, 30-60 cm thick, lies immediately beneath a marine transgressive surface and shows that oil infiltrated downward into, and cemented, the upper surface of a shoreface sandbody. The firm sand was subsequently exhumed by transgressive erosion, fractured and burrowed by arthropods; 3) Rounded pebble- to cobble-sized clasts of bitumen-cemented sand lie on the floor of a tidal channel, and the channel floor surface is also stained and burrowed. This case suggests floating oil infiltrated the channel floor at low tide, subsequently hardening prior to erosion and burrowing; 4) Rounded cobble-to boulder-size clasts of bitumen-cemented sandstone, up to 1 m wide and 0.5 m thick, lie on a regional marine ravinement surface cut on the uppermost Paddy shoreface sandstone. The sand was permeated with oil, top-down, then oxidized to form a tough bitumen cement. The bituminous sand was subsequently scoured by waves during marine transgression to form a boulder lag that is enclosed in transgressive marine claystone. All four of these examples show that oil was reaching the Earth's surface during Paddy time where it infiltrated porous sands to a depth of several decimetres, subsequently degrading and oxidizing to form a tough 'asphalt pavement' that attracted a burrowing firmground fauna and was eroded into cohesive intraclasts weighing many tens of kilograms. Pyrolysis proved the bitumen cement to be degraded oil, but it was not possible to identify the source-rock using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Paddy 'asphalt pavements' are comparable to cements that form in beach sediments in the wake of catastrophic spills from tanker groundings. A direct analogue is provided by Eocene estuarine sediments in Dorset, U.K. There, bitumen-cemented estuarine sands also formed firmgrounds and intraclasts on channel-floor and marine transgressive surfaces.