Marchenko multiple elimination and full-wavefield migration in a resonant pinch-out model

Marchenko multiple elimination schemes are able to attenuate all internal multiple reflections in acoustic reflection data. These can be implemented with and without compensation for two-way transmission effects in the resulting primary reflection data set. The methods are fully automated and run without human intervention, but they require the data to be properly sampled and preprocessed. Even when several primary reflections are invisible in the data because they are masked by overlapping multiples, such as in the resonant wedge model, all missing primary reflections are restored and recovered with the proper amplitudes. Investigating the amplitudes in the primary reflections after multiple elimination with and without compensation for transmission effects shows that transmission effects are properly accounted for in a constant-velocity model. When the layer thickness is one quarter of the wavelength at the dominant frequency of the source wavelet, the methods cease to work properly. Full-wavefield migration relies on a velocity model and runs a nonlinear inversion to obtain a reflectivity model, which results in the migration image. The primary reflections that are masked by interference with multiples in the resonant wedge model are not recovered. In this case, minimizing the data misfit function leads to the incorrect reflector model even though the data fit is optimal. This method has much lower demands on data sampling than the multiple elimination schemes, but it is prone to getting stuck in a local minimum even when the correct velocity model is available. A hybrid method that exploits the strengths of each of these methods could be worth investigating.