Paleomagnetism of the native copper mineralization, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan

The age and genesis of Michigan's world-class native copper deposits are poorly constrained. The copper is hosted by basaltic flow tops and conglomeratic interbeds of the 1095 + or - 2 Ma Keweenawan Portage Lake Formation. Progressive thermal demagnetization isolates stable hematite remanent magnetization components at 28 paleomagnetic sites. Paleomagnetic tilt tests show that magnetite in massive flow interiors is primary (1095 + or - 2 Ma) and that hematite throughout the formation is syntectonic. The altered cupriferous deposits contain primary approximately 1095 Ma and secondary approximately 1053 Ma hematite in various proportions. The Caledonia Mine's basaltic mineralization carries the approximately 1053 Ma hematite dominantly whereas the Delaware Mine's conglomeratic interbed mineralization carries the approximately 1095 Ma hematite dominantly. The approximately 1095 Ma hematite is attributed mostly to magnetite exsolution during flow extrusion and to weathering oxidation between extrusion events. An infusion of epigenetic hydrothermal fluids emplaced the native copper with additional hematite and polarity self-reversing titanohematite at 1053 + or - 7 Ma. Importantly, paleomagnetic evidence supports a 1053 + or - 7 Ma age also for the White Pine stratiform sedimentary copper mineralization, for the oxidation of the Oronto Group clastic rocks to red beds, and for the time limits of major tectonic uplift and deformation on the Keweenaw Peninsula.