Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Erie and Ontario Lake bluffs in New York

The New York bluffs of Lake Erie, which stretch northeastward 100 km from the Pennsylvania border, and those of Lake Ontario, which extend eastward 212 km from the Niagara River along the south shore of the lake, expose one of the most continuous sets of glacial drift in the northeast. The Erie bluffs are predominantly Devonian shale. However, the shale is mantled by sandy-silt till remarkable for its lateral uniformity in texture, but with distinct down-ice trends in lithologic properties relating to the regional bedrock or glacial reworking. Proglacial lacustrine silt, clay, and sand, deposited in 90 to 50 m of water in glacial Lakes Whittlesey and Warren between 13.5 and 12 ka, overlie the till. The bluffs of Lake Ontario are cut only sparingly in Ordovician red sandstone and shale and expose three major lithostratigraphic units. A lower red or pink sandy-till sheet is overlain by widespread gray and red glaciolacustrine silt and clay. These fines provide major input to a younger, sillier, purplish-gray or gray till marked by both massive basal facies and upper subaqueous-flow or basal melt-out diamicton. A blanketing glaciolacustrine sequence occurring in the lower, nondrumlin areas is largely related to glacial Lake Iroquois. Locally, proglacial sands, lenses of flow till, or stone concentrations indicate a short readvance during lake formation. The two major tills of the Lake Ontario bluffs correlate with a similar sequence in adjacent Ontario, Canada. These, in turn, are tied to the Halton Till of the Port Huron advance. The lower till sheet of the United States Erie shore is related to a preceding advance, which is tentatively identified as the Lake Escarpment glaciation, and the Wentworth Till of nearby Canada.