Geological and topographical study of the original hills at the base of Fourth Dynasty Egyptian monuments of the Memphite Plateau

Rock foundations of the Kephren and Kheops pyramids are examined in comparison with other Fourth Dynasty monuments: the Sphinx, Queen Kentkawes" monument and the Abu Rawash monument. This study is based on geological and topographical observations, photomontages and field measurements. The results, which are correlated with those of former studies, demonstrate the existence of natural hills used as substrata in the construction of the two great pyramids. The minimum volume of these hills can be estimated at 12% and 23% respectively of the volumes of the Kephren and Kheops pyramids. The use of worked rock hills appears to be a construction method under the Fourth Dynasty.