Sample preparation for X-ray diffraction

Although for a qualitative analysis of a simple, familiar material, quick grinding in a hand mortar and pestle followed by packing into a cavity-type sample holder can be sufficient, the analysis of complex materials involving search/match procedures, quantitative phase analysis, lattice-parameter refinement or Rietveld refinement of crystal structures requires careful attention to the method and execution of sample preparation and mounting. The preparation of oriented clay mineral aggregates and special sample preparation techniques are also discussed.