Geotechnical lessons from the Mw 7.1 2018 Anchorage Alaska earthquake

Ashly Cabas; Christine Beyzaei; Armin Stuedlein; Kevin W Franke; Richard Koehler; Paolo Zimmaro; Clinton Wood; Samuel Christie; Zhaohui Yang; Cristina Lorenzo-Velazquez

doi:10.1177/87552930211012013

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Research Article| November 01, 2021

Geotechnical lessons from the M_w 7.1 2018 Anchorage Alaska earthquake

Ashly Cabas, M.EERI;

Ashly Cabas, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Ashly Cabas, North Carolina State University, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. Email: [email protected]

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Christine Beyzaei, M.EERI;

Christine Beyzaei, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Armin Stuedlein, M.EERI;

Armin Stuedlein, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Kevin W Franke, M.EERI;

Kevin W Franke, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Richard Koehler;

Richard Koehler

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Paolo Zimmaro, M.EERI;

Paolo Zimmaro, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Clinton Wood, M.EERI;

Clinton Wood, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Samuel Christie;

Samuel Christie

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Zhaohui Yang, M.EERI;

Zhaohui Yang, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Cristina Lorenzo-Velazquez

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

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Author and Article Information

Ashly Cabas, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Christine Beyzaei, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Armin Stuedlein, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Kevin W Franke, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Richard Koehler

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Paolo Zimmaro, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Clinton Wood, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Samuel Christie

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Zhaohui Yang, M.EERI

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Cristina Lorenzo-Velazquez

1

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

2

2Exponent, Oakland, CA, USA

3

3Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

4

4Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

5

5Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

6

6Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

7

7Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8

8University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

9

9Kleinfelder, Redmond, WA, USA

10

10University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Ashly Cabas, North Carolina State University, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. Email: [email protected]

Publisher: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Received: 16 Oct 2020

Accepted: 23 Mar 2021

First Online: 17 Nov 2021

Online ISSN: 1944-8201

Print ISSN: 8755-2930

Funding

Funder(s):
national science foundation
- Award Id(s):
  CMMI-1826118

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Earthquake Spectra (2021) 37 (4): 2372–2399.

https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930211012013

The 2018 M_w 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major US city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The significance of this event motivated reconnaissance efforts to thoroughly document damage to the built environment. This article presents the spatial variability of ground motion intensity and its correlation with subsurface conditions in Anchorage, the identification of liquefaction triggering in the absence of surficial manifestations (such as sand boils or sediment ejecta), cyclic softening failure in organic soils, and the poor performance of anthropogenic fills subjected to cyclic loading. In addition to lessons from observed ground deformation and geotechnical effects on structures, this article provides case studies documenting the satisfactory behavior of improved ground subjected to cyclic loading and the appropriateness of current design procedures for the estimation of seismically induced sliding displacements of mechanically stabilized earth walls.

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Geotechnical lessons from the M_w 7.1 2018 Anchorage Alaska earthquake