The Early Permian (290 Ma) Panjal Traps are the largest contiguous outcropping of volcanic (basaltic, andesitic and silicic) rocks within the Himalaya that are associated with the Late Palaeozoic break-up of Gondwana. The basaltic Panjal Traps have compositional characteristics that range from continental tholeiite to ocean-floor basalt but it is clear that crustal contamination has played a role in their genesis. The basalts that show limited evidence for contamination have Sr–Nd isotopes (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i = 0.7043–0.7073; ε_Nd(t) = 0 ± 1) similar to a chondritic (subcontinental lithospheric mantle) source, whereas the...