This research determined that frequency attenuation can be used as a potential porosity/permeability detector within a carbonate reservoir in a Silurian pinnacle reef in the northern portion of the Michigan Basin. This reef, the Charlton 30/31 Field in Otsego County, Michigan, produced 2.6 million barrels of oil during its primary production phase and was selected for enhanced oil recovery operations in the early 2000s. As part of a U.S. Department of Energy study of this enhanced oil recovery project, a four-dimensional (4-D) P-wave seismic survey was acquired in an attempt to monitor the flow of CO₂ through the...